Volume 24 – Issue 3 (July – September 2015)

Evidence suggest that CAD CAM was in use in the ancient times. In dentistry, CAD CAM was introduced in 1970s. Since then, its use in dentistry has been increasing day by day. Many companies are developing new CAD CAM systems. With CAD CAM, dentists can get high quality inlays, onlays, implant abutments, cast partial dentures, crowns, bridges etc. Maxillo-facial prosthesis and orthodontic clear aligners are also being produced by CAD CAM. Apart from quality and quick production of restorations, cost and difficult usage of CAD CAM are the reasons which are causing hurdles in mass production of these restorations. This review is about a brief history types and current clinical applications of this modality.

Objective

The aim of this study is to compare the retention forces of three nylon males of Locator attachments i.e. clear or white, pink and blue.

Methodology

A two implant retained overedenture model used to simulate the patient. Three pairs of each male attachment were subjected to vertical dislodgement forces using the Instron testing machine.

Results

The white attachment showed the highest retention force with a peak load-to-dislodgement of 35.49+-3.24 Nfollowed by the blue (19.02 ± 5.32 N) and then the pink male attachment (15.5 ± 2.52 N).

Conclusion

The results of this study are in agreement of other studies in regard to the values of the retention forces of the white and pink male attachments. However, it is in disagreement of the claim that the blue male attachment has the least retention forces.

Keywords

Dental Implants, Attachments, Overdenture, Locator, Retention force.

Objective

The aim of the study was to observe the expression of survivin in buccal mucosa of oral submucous fibrosis in betel nut and tobacco users.

Methodology

Forty patients were evaluated as per inclusion and exclusion criteria and informed consent was taken. Diagnosed Oral Submucous fibrosis patients inclusive of all age groups and both gender were included. Punch biopsy was performed under local anesthesia, and the sample size measuring 5mm was taken from the buccal mucosa. Tissue specimens were fixed and after tissue processing, staining with Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) along with immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done.

Result

Chi-square test was applied to observe the relation between immunoreactive score (IRS) score and Age groups, suggesting significant relation showing the value (p=.031). Relation between IRS levels and gender, suggesting no significant relation (p=0.243) Also insignificant association with respect to IRS and duration of smoking (p=0.155) was seen. Association between IRS and frequency of smoking daily (p=0.276) and IRS and the frequency of betel nut use (p=0.101) suggested insignificant results. However significant relation was seen between IRS levels and duration of betel nut usage (p=0.027).

Statistical Analysis

Data was entered in statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 20) and all quantitative and qualitative variables were analyzed by using the software. Chi square test was applied to observe the association of age and gender with tobacco and betal nut chewing by observing the expression of survivin.

Conclusion

he purpose of an early diagnosis of OSF provides good quality of life to the patient by improving oral hygiene and oral intake quality and at the same time to obtain a sufficient mouth opening. The results showed that those who had history of betal nut chewing are more prone to malignant transformation.

Objective

To conduct caries risk assessment in adult population using American Dental Association (ADA) model.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Diagnostic department of Operative Dentistry at the dental section of Dow International Medical College, Karachi from 15th November 2014 till 24th December 2014. The survey was conducted on a random sample of 50 adults who reported to the diagnostic department at the dental section of Dow International Medical College. A questionnaire(modified model of ADA caries risk assessment form) was filled which included variables like fluoride exposure, diet, previous dental care records, medical history and a clinical examination.Descriptive data analysis including frequencies, percentages and means were calculated using SPSS version 16.

Result

Fifty adults consisting of 13 males and 37 females, aged 18-60 years with a mean age of 32.36 years were examined. Three risk categories were measured and scored. Patients were recorded, as low risk 0%, Moderate risk 34% and High risk 66 %.

Conclusion

The modified ADA questionnaire we able to assess caries risk in adult population. It is our recommendation that this model be used in routine clinical practice to help identify the risk factors.

Keywords

Caries risk assessment, Adult population, American Dental Association model, RiskCategories, Pakistan.

Introduction

The purpose of this cross sectional study was to determine the prevalence of three rooted permanent first mandibular molar in a sample of southern Pakistani population.

Methodology

A total of 405 participants were included in this study, out of which 234 were females and 171 were males. A total of 810 peri-apicalradiographs were taken with 30 degree mesial angulation and were evaluated using Digora® Optime software. Prevalence, gender of the participant and symmetry of the mandibular first permanent molars were assessed.

Result

Our findings showed an overall 3.2% prevalence of three rooted mandibular first permanent molar in a sample of Southern Pakistani population. In males, it was 3.5% and in females 3.0%. Overall bilateral prevalence was 1.0%. In males, it was 1.2% and in females 0.9%. Overall prevalence of 2.7% on the right and 1.5% on the left side was found. Chi square test showed P value >0.05 indicating no significant relationship of three roots with gender (male versus female) or sides (right versus left).

Conclusion

Although there is a low prevalence of three rooted mandibular first permanent molar in Southern Pakistani population, but it is significant enough to warrant caution when performing endodontic procedures on these teeth to achieve consistent and desirable results.

Keywords

Three roots, mandibular molar, first permanent molar.

Objective

To evaluate lip esthetics by changing in the vermillion height as perceived by orthodontists, orthodontic resident and patients.

Methodology

The Images were constructed by increasing and decreasing the vermillion heights in the increments of 0.5mm from -2.0mm to +2.0mm from average vermillion height. Overall 9 images were constructed and rated by 10 orthodontists, aged 32 to 45 years, 31 orthodontic residents, aged from 25 to 35 years, and 46 orthodontic patients, aged from 15 to 35 years, on visual analogue scale.

Result

There were variations among the three groups; orthodontist, orthodontic residents and orthodontic patients in the median esthetic scores, assigned to nine vermillion heights. The participants found images -0.5mm, 0mm and +0.5mm most attractive and the images -2mm, -1.5mm and +2mm least attractive.

Conclusion

Images with or near the average vermillion height was considered to be attractive by orthodontist,orthodontic residents and patients. The ranges of vermillion heights preferred by orthodontists and orthodontic patients were similar. Majority of male preferred 0mm while female respondents showed a broader tolerance for vermilion height.

Keywords

Lip esthetics, Vermillion height, Pakistani.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dental anxiety among patients attending Dental Outpatient Department at OJHA campus of Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS).

Methodology

This study was conducted in oral diagnosis department of DUHS (OJHA Campus) for the tenure of six months .A total of 100 patients were included in thiscross sectional study according to two age groups.First group was between 18-30 years (n=74) and second group was >30 years (n=26).Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire based on two scales – Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and Dental Fear Survey (DFS).

Result

The descriptive statistical analysis was engaged along with frequencies and percentages. The results showed that female participants scored higher dental anxiety (54.6%) compared to male patients (45.3%).Tooth pull attributed highest dental anxiety (71.80%) in Modified Dental Anxiety Scale and the Dental Fear Survey reveals that an increase heart rate is a highest outcome of dental anxiety(39.60%).

Statistical Analysis

Data was entered in statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 20) and all quantitative and qualitative variables were analyzed by using the software. Chi square test was applied to observe the association of age and gender with tobacco and betal nut chewing by observing the expression of survivin.

Conclusion

Female patients reported more dental anxiety thanmale patients and most fearful procedure as perceived by the respondents was tooth extraction.

Keywords

Dental anxiety, Modified Dental Anxiety Scale, Dental Fear Survey, Tooth Pull

Peripheral ameloblastoma is rare tumor occurring on extraosseous location. It accounts for about 1 to 10% of all ameloblastomas. A 32-year-old Indian heavy smoker, presented to the oral surgery clinic with painless gingival swelling on the left side of the mandible. Radiological examination did not reveal any bone involvement. A histologic exam showed islands of odontogenic epithelium that were seen to bein continuity with surface epithelium. The tumor islands exhibited the typical features of ameloblastoma with follicular arrangements. In addition, the tumor was positive for CK19 and negative for Ber-Ep4. Five percent of the tumor cells showed positivity for Ki-67. The final diagnosis was peripheral ameloblastoma, which is a rare variant of ameloblastoma. It is emphasized to consider peripheral ameloblastoma among the differential diagnosis of gingival swellings.

Keywords

Peripheral ameloblastoma, ameloblastoma, gingiva, immunohistochemistry, odontogenic tumor .